Dating the h bomb watch

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According to the treaty, nuclear weapons states agreed not to use nuclear weapons or help non-nuclear states acquire nuclear weapons. They also agreed to gradually reduce their stockpiles of nuclear weapons with the eventual goal of total disarmament. Non-nuclear weapons states agreed not to acquire or develop nuclear weapons.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in the early s, there were still thousands of nuclear weapons scattered across Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Many of the weapons were located in Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. These weapons were deactivated and returned to Russia. Some countries wanted the option of developing their own nuclear weapons arsenal and never signed the NPT. India was the first country outside of the NPT to test a nuclear weapon in Other non-signatories to the NTP include: Pakistan, Israel and South Sudan. Pakistan has a known nuclear weapons program.

Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons, though has never officially confirmed or denied the existence of a nuclear weapons program. South Sudan is not known or believed to possess nuclear weapons.

North Korea initially signed the NPT treaty, but announced its withdrawal from the agreement in Since , North Korea has openly tested nuclear weapons, drawing sanctions from various nations and international bodies. North Korea tested two long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles in —one reportedly capable of reaching the United States mainland. In September , North Korea claimed it had tested a hydrogen bomb that could fit on top an intercontinental ballistic missile. Iran, while a signatory of the NPT, has said it has the capability to initiate production of nuclear weapons at short notice.

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Subscribe Top Menu Current Issue. Green ants build their grand nests out of leaves, which they pull and join together with silk. Amazingly, this silk is produced by their newborn larvae. The implication, as Terry Wallace, professor of geophysics at the University of Arizona and one of the authors, puts it, "Conventional wisdom is that a yield of kt would be too small to have been a full test for a thermonuclear weapon.

If it was any consolation to Indian scientists, the report belittles the Pakistani tests too.

Nuclear Bombs and Hydrogen Bombs

It pegs down the yield of the six nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan on May 28 and 30 from the claimed 60 kt to 16 kt. Although reports based on seismic waves caused by nuclear explosions are not considered conclusive evidence for yield estimates, experts say they do provide definite clues. Given the enormous force of a nuclear explosion, there are only a few reliable ways of estimating yields. The shockwaves from such an explosion travel deep underground and can be detected by special seismographs set up in any part of the globe.

By measuring the velocity of the wave and its acceleration and using a logarithmic formula scientists are able to estimate yields with the same confidence. That is why experts are taking serious note of the yields from the Indian tests. Our initial findings also indicate it. But it is too early to be definite. But that would still put the Indian yields only at 30 kt or half the amount claimed.

Others were not so cautious. In Washington DC, Christopher Paine, co-director nuclear programme of the Natural Resources Defence Council, charged the Indian team with making false claims, saying, "One explanation for such low yields is that while the fission atomic bombs worked, the thermonuclear one didn't. Indian scientists dismiss such assessments as erroneous. Chidambaram, Atomic Energy Commission AEC chairman and chief designer of the Pokhran tests, believes that western researchers did not take into account vital local parameters including the location of the shafts in Pokhran and the geology of the region that could have a significant impact on calculations.

Chidambaram says emphatically, "The yields we estimated match our calculations. In the coming months we will produce evidence that thermonuclear fusion did take place. We will prove it scientifically and through peer review. They had considered designing the H-bomb "the most complex and challenging of the series". The atom bomb works on the principle of imploding plutonium the size of a tennis ball till it reaches critical mass, then triggering a chain reaction of fissioning atoms that releases enormous explosive energy.

Sikka, director of BARC's solid state physics group and head of the team that made the physics design of the nuclear devices. The reason why Indian scientists appear confident is that they have a wealth of data from various techniques to estimate explosive yields which no foreign researcher has. On the seismic front, they have records from seven accelerometers and five geophones placed close to the shafts that give accurate information on the shockwaves produced.

Apart from that they have data from four highly sensitive regional seismic stations, over 40 recorders of the Meteorological Department and access to international seismic records. Since Indian equipment are notorious for failing at critical times, the Pokhran team had to ensure that all the key seismic stations in the country were active.

The fallout of the nuclear bomb era is still alive today - in our muscles

To avoid suspicion that India was planning a test, they told the station chiefs to be on full alert as Pakistan was expected to conduct one. The team also had access to data from a Corrtex recorder - a sensing cable lowered into each shaft for accurate readings of the shockwaves. And critically, they know the geology of the region.

Seismic results could vary if an explosion occurred in a sand dune or on a hard rock terrain and compensations have to be made for accurate results. On May 11, apart from an H-bomb explosion, India conducted two other tests simultaneously: The Indian scientists now put the yield from the fission bomb at 20 kt and the hydrogen bomb at 25 kt.

Research by western scientists contest India's claims of successfully testing an H-bomb

The simultaneous tests made interpretation of data difficult but the scientist say they had no option as they feared that a single explosion would damage the shafts containing the other two bombs. Since the two shafts which contained the bigger explosions were shockwaves could have interfaced and caused distortions in seismic readings. Also the shafts were aligned on an east-west plane.

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