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This finding is consistent with previous research reporting romantic relationship concerns are one of the most common reasons for adolescent help-seeking [ 22 ]. Of the eight specific romantic concern types coded in the data set, breakups were identified as the most common, representing a third of all romance-related counselling sessions across both genders.
Levels of concern with this specific concern were also consistent across age groups. The data therefore indicate that breakups are a common challenge for adolescents, with similar impact irrespective of age or gender. With the exception of breakups, the developmental differences in help-seeking for romantic relationship issues identified in the current study are broadly consistent with developmental theories [ 3 , 5 , 16 , 22 ] and previous prospective research on the developmental stages of romantic stress in adolescence.
Younger adolescents were more likely to seek help for concerns related to the initiation of relationships, when romance is typically a new experience and they lack skills and confidence in this area.
Concerns about maintaining and sustaining relationships were more prominent in mid to late adolescence, when intimacy levels, emotional investment, skills and commitment in romantic experiences increase. In counselling sessions where an assessment of the likely presence of a mental health issue was made, over a third For cases where assessments were made, self-harm and suicidal ideation were recorded in While these rates are likely to be elevated due to the help-seeking nature of the sample, adolescents reporting dissolution stage issues i.
Adolescents with dissolution stage issues were also significantly more likely to present with mental health issues compared to those concerned about establishment stage issues.
The Effects of Romantic Relationships on the Academic Performance of University of On the other hand, relationship between dating status and academic. Frequent dating behaviors and early sexual experiences showed significant gives more negative effects on the academic performance of adolescents.
These results are consistent with previous research finding that relationship breakups are associated with elevated levels of depression [ 18 , 20 , 21 ], anxiety [ 5 ] and stress [ 16 ]. These findings highlight the importance of exploring dissolution-stage issues in adolescents, including coping with and re-establishing life after a breakup and managing relationship difficulties with an ex-partner. Further research examining multiple risk and protective factors for mental health issues, suicide and self-harm among large samples of early, mid and late adolescents is required to better understand the impact of romantic relationships in both help-seeking and non-help-seeking youth.
The use of data on eight different types of romantic relationship concerns among a large geographical and ethnically diverse sample of help-seeking adolescents spanning early to late adolescence is a strength of this study.
A bias toward female help-seekers is also consistent with the characteristics of adolescent help-seekers to helplines [ 13 ]. The presence of mental health disorders, suicide and self-harm risk relied on self-report and the clinical assessments of counsellors with a range of levels of mental health training, rather than comprehensive mental health assessment with an established instrument. Conclusions about the direction of the relationships reported in this study are also limited by the cross-sectional nature of the study.
Establishing mental disorder status using a standard instrument would also benefit future research. As data for this study draws on anonymous counselling contact records, it is not possible to differentiate between unique and repeat help-seekers; hence, reported statistics can only be equated to contacts rather than individuals.
Finally, the use of a help-seeking cohort in this study limits the generalization of findings to non-help-seeking adolescents. Despite its limitations, this study provides unique insights into the romantic concerns of adolescent help-seekers. Post-relationship concerns, especially breakups, present significant challenges for adolescents of all ages and genders, and had the strongest associations with concurrent mental health, suicide and self-harm risk. The authors wish to acknowledge their invaluable contribution in making this study possible.
Finally, the authors wish to acknowledge Melanie Zimmer-Gembeck, a well-published author in the field of adolescent romance, for her guidance, advice and time given in the drafting of this paper. Megan Price conceived and designed the study and wrote the draft paper; Wendell Cockshaw analyzed the data; all authors contributed equally to writing the final paper. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List Behav Sci Basel v. Published online May 6. Melanie Zimmer-Gembeck, Academic Editor. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Dec 15; Accepted Apr This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY license http: This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. The Current Study This paper examined records of counselling sessions with adolescents 10—18 years seeking help from a national youth counselling service for a romantic relationship concern to explore: Materials and Methods 2.
Participants Participants were young people who sought support from a youth counselling service Kids Helpline between January and December and reported a romantic relationship concern. Table 1 Romance help-seeking sample characteristics. Major city a Open in a separate window.
Sample Selection The dataset comprises 38 fields for logging data, including ten mandatory fields. Demographic Variables Age was recorded by counsellors then recoded into bands that broadly reflect key developmental stages of adolescence to allow for analysis between these stages, following established guidelines [ 4 ].
Nature of Romantic Concern The nature of the romance-related concern was assessed by counsellors and classified into one of eight categories see Table 2. Table 2 Relationship-specific concern types and stages. Relationship-Specific Categories Selected by Counsellors: Approaching Wanting to establish a relationship e. Suicide Risk and Self-Harm Risk of suicide and self-harm were also assessed by counsellors.
Ethics Approval This study was ruled exempt from requiring ethical approval by the Queensland University of Technology Human Research Ethics Committee on the basis that the research was of negligible risk, involved the use of an existing dataset and only contained de-identified data collected as part of routine clinical practice at Kids Helpline.
Sample Characteristics A total of 8. Romantic Relationship Concerns 3. Relationship Stage by Age and Gender When the eight types of relationship concerns were aggregated into the three relationship stages, the most common stage was dissolution Developmental differences in stage for which telationship help is sought. Table 3 Romantic relationship concerns, by age and gender.
Specific Types of Concern by Age and Gender Of the eight types of relationship concerns the most commonly reported were 7 relationship breakdown, 4 maintaining and sustaining relationships, and 3 wanting to establish a relationship, being recorded in Table 4 Concurrent effects associated with relationship stages of concern, by age and gender. Discussion This study aimed to explore the romantic concerns of adolescents seeking assistance from a youth counselling service, and determine associations between these concerns with age, gender and mental health outcomes.
Conclusions Despite its limitations, this study provides unique insights into the romantic concerns of adolescent help-seekers. Author Contributions Megan Price conceived and designed the study and wrote the draft paper; Wendell Cockshaw analyzed the data; all authors contributed equally to writing the final paper.