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The gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus , a distant relative of the European red fox, is also hunted in North America. Unlike the red fox which, during the chase, will run far ahead from the pack, the gray fox will speed toward heavy brush, thus making it more difficult to pursue. Also unlike the red fox, which occurs more prominently in the northern United States, the more southern gray fox is rarely hunted on horseback, due to its densely covered habitat preferences.
Hunts in the southern United States sometimes pursue the bobcat Lynx rufus. Unlike foxes, golden jackals were documented to be ferociously protective of their pack mates, and could seriously injure hounds.
Fox hunting is usually undertaken with a pack of scent hounds , [1] and, in most cases, these are specially bred foxhounds. The two main types of foxhound are the English Foxhound [65] and the American Foxhound. They are unique in that they are the only hunting beagle pack in the US to be followed on horseback.
English Foxhounds are also used for hunting mink. Hunts may also use terriers to flush or kill foxes that are hiding underground, [1] as they are small enough to pursue the fox through narrow earth passages. This is not practiced in the United States, as once the fox has gone to ground and is accounted for by the hounds, it is left alone. The horses , called " field hunters " or hunters, ridden by members of the field, are a prominent feature of many hunts, although others are conducted on foot and those hunts with a field of mounted riders will also have foot followers.
Horses on hunts can range from specially bred and trained field hunters to casual hunt attendees riding a wide variety of horse and pony types. Draft and Thoroughbred crosses are commonly used as hunters, although purebred Thoroughbreds and horses of many different breeds are also used.
Some hunts with unique territories favour certain traits in field hunters, for example, when hunting coyote in the western US, a faster horse with more stamina is required to keep up, as coyotes are faster than foxes and inhabit larger territories. Hunters must be well-mannered, have the athletic ability to clear large obstacles such as wide ditches, tall fences, and rock walls, and have the stamina to keep up with the hounds.
In English foxhunting, the horses are often a cross of half or a quarter Irish Draught and the remainder English thoroughbred. Dependent on terrain, and to accommodate different levels of ability, hunts generally have alternative routes that do not involve jumping. The field may be divided into two groups, with one group, the First Field, that takes a more direct but demanding route that involves jumps over obstacles [70] while another group, the Second Field also called Hilltoppers or Gaters , takes longer but less challenging routes that utilise gates or other types of access on the flat.
In the United Kingdom, since the introduction of the hunting ban, a number of hunts have employed falconers to bring birds of prey to the hunt, due to the exemption in the Hunting Act for falconry. The hunt is often the setting for many social rituals, but the hunting itself begins when hounds are "cast" or put into rough or brushy areas called "coverts", where foxes often lay up during daylight hours.
If the pack manages to pick up the scent of a fox, they will track it for as long as they are able. Scenting can be affected by temperature, humidity, and other factors. The hounds pursue the trail of the fox and the riders follow, by the most direct route possible. Since this may involve very athletic skill on the part of horse and rider alike, fox hunting is the origin of traditional equestrian sports including steeplechase [74] and point to point racing. The hunt continues until either the fox evades the hounds, goes to ground that is takes refuge in an underground burrow or den or is overtaken and usually killed by the hounds.
In the case of Scottish hill packs or the gun packs of Wales and upland areas of England, the fox is flushed to guns. Foxhound packs in the Cumbrian fells and other upland areas are followed by supporters on foot rather than on horseback. In the UK, where the fox goes to ground, terriers may be entered into the earth to locate the fox so that it can be dug down to and shot.
Social rituals are important to hunts, although many have fallen into disuse. One of the most notable was the act of blooding. This is a very old ceremony in which the master or huntsman would smear the blood of the fox or coyote onto the cheeks or forehead of a newly initiated hunt follower, often a young child. In the autumn of each year August—October in the UK and Ireland , hunts take the young hounds out cub hunting , autumn hunting or cubbing. The purpose of this is training the hounds to hunt and to kill [77] with the intent to cull weaker young foxes which are full size by autumn season as they are born in spring [14] noting they are not sexually mature until they are 10 months old and are still living in their family group.
The activity sometimes and in some areas takes place in the UK and Ireland as the practice of "holding up", which consists of hunt supporters surrounding a covert, with riders and foot followers to drive back foxes attempting to escape, and then "drawing" the covert with the puppies and some more experienced hounds, allowing them to find and catch foxes within the surrounded wood. Only rarely, in about 1 in 50 cases, foxhounds do not show suitable aptitude, and must be removed from the pack. They may be drafted to other packs, including minkhound packs.
In the US, it is sometimes the practice to have some fox cubs chased but allowed to escape in order for them to learn evasion techniques and so that they can be tracked again in the future. Once the season properly starts usually from early November in the northern hemisphere, [14] or May in the southern hemisphere , the idea is to drive the fox from the covert and pursue the scent that it leaves for long distances over open countryside. The northern hemisphere season continues through to March or April. Drag hunting , an equestrian sport which involves dragging an object over the ground to lay a scent for the hounds to follow, [81] can also be popular, either instead of, or in addition to, live quarry hunting.
Drag hunts are often considered to be faster, with followers not having to wait while the hounds pick up a scent, and often covering an area far larger than a traditional hunt, [82] which may even necessitate a change of horses halfway through. As a social ritual, participants in a fox hunt fill specific roles, the most prominent of which is the master, who often number more than one and then are called masters or joint masters.
These individuals typically take much of the financial responsibility for the overall management of the sporting activities of the hunt, and the care and breeding of the hunt's fox hounds, as well as control and direction of its paid staff. In addition to members of the hunt staff, a committee may run the Hunt Supporters Club to organise fundraising and social events and in the United States many hunts are incorporated and have parallel lines of leadership.
This is the governing body for all foxhound packs and deals with disputes about boundaries between hunts, as well as regulating the activity. Mounted hunt followers typically wear traditional hunting attire. A prominent feature of hunts operating during the formal hunt season usually November to March in the northern hemisphere is hunt members wearing 'colours'. This attire usually consists of the traditional red coats worn by huntsmen, masters, former masters, whippers-in regardless of sex , other hunt staff members and male members who have been invited by masters to wear colours and hunt buttons as a mark of appreciation for their involvement in the organization and running of the hunt.
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Since the Hunting Act in England and Wales, only Masters and Hunt Servants tend to wear red coats or the hunt livery whilst out hunting. Gentleman subscribers tend to wear black coats, with or without hunt buttons. In some countries, ladies generally wear coloured collars on their black or navy coats. These help them stand out from the rest of the field. The traditional red coats are often misleadingly called "pinks".
Various theories about the derivation of this term have been given, ranging from the colour of a weathered scarlet coat to the name of a purportedly famous tailor. Some hunts, including most harrier and beagle packs, wear green rather than red jackets, and some hunts wear other colours such as mustard.
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The colour of breeches vary from hunt to hunt and are generally of one colour, though two or three colours throughout the year may be permitted. For the men they are black with brown leather tops called tan tops , and for the ladies, black with a patent black leather top of similar proportion to the men. The Master wears a scarlet coat with four brass buttons while the huntsman and other professional staff wear five. Amateur whippers-in also wear four buttons.
Another differentiation in dress between the amateur and professional staff is found in the ribbons at the back of the hunt cap. The professional staff wear their hat ribbons down, while amateur staff and members of the field wear their ribbons up. Those members not entitled to wear colours, dress in a black hunt coat and unadorned black buttons for both men and ladies, generally with pale breeches. Boots are all English dress boots and have no other distinctive look.
Other members of the mounted field follow strict rules of clothing etiquette. For example, for some hunts, those under eighteen or sixteen in some cases will wear ratcatcher all season. Those over eighteen or in the case of some hunts, all followers regardless of age will wear ratcatcher during autumn hunting from late August until the Opening Meet, normally around November 1.
From the Opening Meet they will switch to formal hunting attire where entitled members will wear scarlet and the rest black or navy. The highest honour is to be awarded the hunt button by the Hunt Master. This sometimes means one can then wear scarlet if male, or the hunt collar if female colour varies from hunt to hunt and buttons with the hunt crest on them. For non-mounted packs or non-mounted members where formal hunt uniform is not worn, the buttons are sometimes worn on a waistcoat. All members of the mounted field should carry a hunting whip it should not be called a crop.
These have a horn handle at the top and a long leather lash 2—3 yards ending in a piece of coloured cord. Generally all hunting whips are brown, except those of Hunt Servants, whose whips are white. The nature of fox hunting, including the killing of the quarry animal, the pursuit's strong associations with tradition and social class , and its practice for sport have made it a source of great controversy within the United Kingdom. The inquiry was to examine the practical aspects of different types of hunting with dogs and its impact, how any ban might be implemented and the consequences of any such ban.
Amongst its findings, the Burns Inquiry committee analysed opposition to hunting in the UK and reported that:. There are those who have a moral objection to hunting and who are fundamentally opposed to the idea of people gaining pleasure from what they regard as the causing of unnecessary suffering.
There are also those who perceive hunting as representing a divisive social class system. Others, as we note below, resent the hunt trespassing on their land, especially when they have been told they are not welcome. They worry about the welfare of the pets and animals and the difficulty of moving around the roads where they live on hunt days. Finally there are those who are concerned about damage to the countryside and other animals, particularly badgers and otters.
Anti-hunting activists who choose to take action in opposing fox hunting can do so through lawful means, such as campaigning for fox hunting legislation and monitoring hunts for cruelty. Some use unlawful means.
In , the RSPCA took high court action to prevent pro-hunt activists joining in large numbers to change the society's policy in opposing hunting. Outside of campaigning, some activists choose to engage in direct intervention such as the sabotage of the hunt. Fox hunting with hounds has been happening in Europe since at least the sixteenth century, and strong traditions have built up around the activity, as have related businesses, rural activities, and hierarchies.
In , the British Whippet Racing Association was established to bring around reform and consistency in race rules and procedures for races involving non-purebred Whippets. Whippets are a medium-sized dog weighing from 15 to 42 pounds 6. Whippets are quiet and not prone to barking, but require regular exercise. Despite being bred for racing, Whippets can be couch potatoes. Whippets are intelligent and can perform a number of tricks such as going in the fountain on command. Whippets course , work, and race; they have been bred for these jobs for years. This has kept them a structurally sound breed which is predominantly free from the physical exaggerations that can lead to certain health problems.
This is in part due to their low concentration of body fat and their liver's inability to metabolise the anaesthetics. Given proper nutrition, exercise, and veterinary care, most Whippets live for 12 to 15 years. Genetic eye defects, though quite rare, have been noted in the breed.